Rubric: Technical sciences

Annotation: This article presents the development and technical characteristics of the X-Finder metal detector, a next-generation wireless device that represents a significant technological breakthrough in the field of geophysical instrumentation. It is designed for detecting metallic objects in soil—such as coins, jewelry, artifacts, and tools—as well as for critical tasks like demining. Based primarily on a patented invention (utility model patent UA 156684 U, issued on July 24, 2024), the device features a frame-shaped sensor with crossbars, a telescopic rod, and wireless Bluetooth communication between the sensor and the control unit, eliminating the limitations of traditional wired systems and enabling continuous data transmission over several meters with the possibility of extension. Key innovations include advanced signal processing methods for noise suppression (0–30 levels), signal amplification (0–15 levels), and visual representation of detection data using hodographs and sinograms, outperforming modern analogues in both accuracy and speed of analysis. The scientific novelty and technological breakthrough lie in the integration of wireless communication with real-time signal analysis algorithms, including adaptive filtering (FIR filters with dynamic coefficients) and phase demodulation for VDI calculation (ranging from –88 to +88). This ensures enhanced portability (total weight 1140 g), detection depth up to 1 meter for large targets (compared to typical 30–45 cm in standard wireless detectors, as confirmed by industry data), and precise material discrimination, reducing false signals by 40% in mineralized soils. Experimental validation, based on standardized testing protocols [№ 23-0121-01 of 02.10.2023 and № RSHD20022], confirmed compliance with Ukrainian technical specifications [TU U 26.5-3012318215-001:2023] and international standards [7, p.9; DSTU EN 60335-1:2015 for safety and DSTU EN IEC 63000:2020 for environmental compliance]. This work contributes to the field of geophysical instrumentation by improving user ergonomics and detection accuracy in non-invasive archaeological and search applications, as well as in demining operations, paving the way for integration with AI and 3D visualization in line with global trends of 2024–2025, such as multifrequency scanning and smartphone connectivity.

Annotation: The U.S. trucking industry is a driving force and a linchpin of national freight transportation assuring economic connectivity and security. However, it faces intense challenges such as driver shortages, infrastructure constraints, decarbonization pressures, technological disruption, and regulatory uncertainty. This paper reviews current barriers to innovation in the trucking sector and outlines prospective directions for research and practice. Emphasis is placed on automation, electrification, digitalization, workforce development, and sustainability. The purpose of this article, based on recent reports, industry white papers, and academic research, is to provide a comprehensive overview for stakeholders and researchers interested in the development of trucking in the United States.

Annotation: Energy modernization of objects with historical and cultural value represents one of the most complex and multifaceted challenges in the fields of construction and restoration research. It lies at the intersection of two of modern society’s priority directions — preserving the authenticity of monuments and achieving ambitious goals for reducing carbon footprint and enhancing buildings’ energy efficiency. Within the framework of this study, the aim is to identify existing challenges and pathways for integrating energy-efficient solutions in the modernization of historical buildings. The methodological foundation was a comprehensive systems analysis of specialized publications addressing methods for evaluating and implementing energy-saving technologies in historical buildings, as well as a synthesis of contemporary approaches in non-destructive testing, the application of digital building information models (HBIM), and life-cycle cost assessment (LCCA). The findings obtained and the described decision-making framework are of interest to design engineers, restoration architects, heritage protection authorities, and government institutions involved in the preparation and implementation of historical renovation programs. They make it possible to devise a balanced approach whereby sustainable development requirements harmoniously coincide with the objectives of cultural heritage conservation.

Annotation: This article presents a theoretical analysis of the parameters of friction discs used in high-performance automotive clutches, with a focus on the interrelation between chemical composition, geometric characteristics, and thermal load. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach integrating tribology, materials science, and thermal mechanics. Particular attention is given to the interpretation and comparison of published empirical data reflecting the influence of key elements in friction composites on the coefficient of friction and thermal stability. The geometric and operational parameters of clutches under racing conditions are examined, including high-frequency engagement cycles, limited cooling capacity, and localized thermal gradients in multilayer stacks. A comparative analysis of the thermal behavior of carbon-ceramic and cast-steel discs is conducted, justifying the applicability of each type under specific loading and thermal saturation modes. The study establishes computational relationships between material composition, heat resistance, clutch configuration, and critical slip conditions, enabling the formulation of rational criteria for selecting materials and geometries suitable for clutches operating under extreme conditions. The proposed approach can be integrated into engineering procedures for component selection and evaluation using digital computer-aided design tools. This paper will be of interest to design engineers, powertrain specialists, tribology and thermal analysis researchers, and developers of CAD/CAE systems for frictional components.