Rubric: Economy

Annotation: The existence of several different degrees of restructuring, uneven dynamics, transition from a natural monopoly to a competitive market with new strategic and economic opportunities are some of the defining features of the natural gas market that make it an important element of the economy. In such an oligopolistic market, entities must determine a strategic and competitive advantage with a positive impact on the competitive environment. Today, the main attention in the global gas market is drawn to the problem of Ukraine's dependence on gas imports from Russia and the need to reduce this dependence by developing domestic gas production and promoting supply diversification. Changes in gas production, consumption, and transportation can lead to complex problems, such as conflicts between international partners, sharp changes in gas prices, reduction of oil and gas dependence of countries, etc. Studying the mechanisms of the international gas market is a relevant research topic, as it will help to understand the problems and find ways to solve them. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the degree of concentration of the European gas market and to consider the principles of its functioning and influence on global economic processes. The study emphasizes Russia's dominant position in the European gas market and suggests that it can be replaced by other suppliers. Like any substitute product, the price of gas directly depends on the dynamics of prices for alternative fuels, especially on oil price fluctuations. The transition from vertically integrated monopolies to competitive structures has affected price formation in the global market

Annotation: The article considers the concept of creating a hotel for 150 places in one of the suburbs of Kyiv.

Annotation: A hybrid cryptocurrency was created experimentally for the first time, which can be used to make payments without a computer network and be stored in a traditional wallet alongside fiat money. The mechanisms of its protection against falsification and the method of verification, which each owner of this cryptocurrency can perform independently using available open source software, are described. Once crypto-banknotes are created, they can be circulated without a central regulator and without a blockchain. By their nature and method of implementation, the created crypto-banknotes belong to the stablecoin category. Transactions ensure privacy. A cryptobanknote does not require confirmation of its legitimacy by other participants in circulation, as is the case in a number of blockchain technologies. There are no energy costs at all, which gives reason to consider this type of crypto-banknote energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The development has academic value and practical significance. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to return the electronic money to the privacy of payments, which has been completely lost in the last decades. Money has become public, as well as their transactions, which is justified by the fight against the laundering of illegal income and the fight against terrorism, although we are all witnessing that terrorism is, as it was and is, and constitutional freedoms for humans have become less. Therefore, it is not entirely clear what is real goal achieves transparency of transactions and until this issue exists, the preservation of privacy for legal entities and individuals, which make financial transactions only for the benefit. Therefore, a financial instrument that did not exist before, which has the necessary properties to protect human constitutional freedoms in the financial sphere, was investigated. Materials and methods. The study uses modern cryptographic technologies, including previously used by the author in the development of a Traveller's Cheque with a digital signature, which is revised and improved, introduced methods of cryptographic resistance to quantum computers of the next generation. New methods in the crypto industry have been launched - Proof of Authorship combined with Proof of Chrono and Proof of Inventor Priority. Results. A successfully created digital banknote that can circulate in circulation without using a computer network, including without blockchain. Unlike the traveller's cheque, there is no signature of the cryptobanknote's owner to ensure the protection of cryptobanknote, which contributes to the rapid and unbroken change of the owner. This type of digital money today has the highest of all that there is a level of privacy and is most protect of participants of financial transactions. Unlike fiat money, there is an increased transportability and the prospect of unobstructed movement, both between state borders and through various block posts and checkpoints, which can be of value as a tool for value transfer in emergencies or war. A new method has been implemented - Proof of Authorship, which did not exist before. Perspectives. Each of us witnesses that every year of human life becomes more extreme. And this is not about criminal extremism and terrorism, but we are talking about methods and tools used although no one has seen any extremists. But thas seen significant influence on the ordinary people life criminal methods of research and total control. And since these phenomena are exacerbated every year, the situation in which a person lives approaches the extraordinary and in such a situation, cryptobanknote development can be useful as a tool for protecting constitutional freedoms. In addition, the development is of scientific value because it demonstrates the ability to function cryptocurrency without computer networks and even without the use of computers in some cases.

Annotation: The article analyzes theoretical approaches and practical aspects of the impact of sanctions as an instrument of international pressure on foreign policy processes and relations between states. The author examines the basic principles and history of the use of sanctions in international relations, as well as the effectiveness and risks of their application. The author also notes the potential impact of sanctions on the economy and population of the countries receiving them. The purpose of the article is to reveal the nature and objectives of international sanctions and to summarize the experience of applying sanctions against individual States. As a result of the study, it is established that today sanctions can be an effective instrument of international pressure and regulation of relations between states, but their application must be justified and agreed with the international community. The author notes that the use of sanctions should not harm the population and economy of the countries receiving them. The author considers the directions and priorities of application of international sanctions against the financial sector of the Russian Federation in view of the military aggression against Ukraine.