Technical sciences

Vitiv Bohdan

Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture

Head of the Development Company

https://www.doi.org/10.25313/2524-2695-2024-12-03-27

WATER TREATMENT IN A SMART HOME ECOSYSTEM

Summary. Regeneration and recycling of water in the ecosystem and infrastructure of a smart home with chemical-free treatment. Introduction. The modular purification system consists of one or more columns, each made up of standardized segments. Typically, the column may have one, two, or three segments connected by a special element made of nylon and polyvinyl chloride, with a silicone rubber seal.

It takes no more than 1 minute to connect or disconnect a segment. Each segment accommodates up to three ion-exchange cartridges.

Each ion-exchange cartridge consists of a knitted sleeve made of fibers, into which is filled OZOLA. The ion-exchange cartridges are single-use. The knitted sleeves made from polymer fibers are mass-produced, and their cost does not exceed 5 USD each.

Purpose. The columns and necessary piping are assembled and mounted on a special stand, which includes pumps, mechanical self-cleaning filters, and measuring and control instruments.

The cost of one modular purification system, designed for a capacity of 1 cubic meter per hour, which includes three columns (each with three segments), a pump, a cascade of two mechanical filters at the inlet, and a cascade of two automatic mechanical filters at the outlet, is 35,000 USD.

Key words: Smart Home Ecosystem, Smart Home Infrastructure, Modular Purification Systems, Ion Exchange Purification Process, Application for Purification of Dried Biomass, Symmetrical Electrochemical Electrode Cell, Active Working Surface

Introduction. A comprehensive water supply system consists of 4 groups of interconnected modules, based on their principles and interactions:

Modules for input control and pre-treatment, including water storage tanks at the system’s entry point and reserve water tanks for peak loads. Pre-treatment includes electrochemical disinfection, aeration, and oxygen concentration enhancement to full saturation levels. The input control modules operate on a contactless method based on the principles of electromagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Local modules for electrochemical treatment, specific to each residential unit, including flow meter blocks at the entry point with a real-time monitoring section (contactless, operating on the principles of electromagnetic resonance spectroscopy).

Used water storage modules, which separate water into at least two categories: wastewater containing toilet residues and general wastewater.

Used water regeneration modules, with at least two sections: one for water containing fecal particles and one for other water. These modules include separation systems with vortex foam generators and final control systems that work without direct contact, operating on the principles of electromagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

In addition to the operational modules, the comprehensive water supply system includes a control and processor section with elements of artificial intelligence and artificial neural networks, enabling remote control and real-time monitoring.

Fig. 1. The diagram presents the model of an electrochemical reactor with two electrode cells

WATER PURIFICATION FROM RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND HEAVY METALS USING BIOMASS OBTAINED FROM ALGAE OF THE TYPE – OZOLA

ION EXCHANGE PURIFICATION PROCESS

As practice has shown, dried biomass of algae of the type – OZOLA has the ability to undergo ion exchange reactions for the absorption of heavy metal ions and radioactive isotope ions. To achieve purification, water must pass through the biomass volume, where, during the contact time, ion exchange occurs, and the biomass absorbs radioactive metal isotopes and associated heavy metal ions.

As tests and industrial operation of water purification systems at nuclear reactors have shown, the level of purification using algae of the type OZOLA can be reduced to residual concentrations of 0.000001 milligrams per liter, which exceeds the requirements of current environmental standards.

DESIGN OF THE MODULAR PURIFICATION SYSTEM

The modular purification system consists of one or more columns, each of which is made up of standardized segments. Typically, a column may have one, two, or three segments connected by a special element made of nylon and polyvinyl chloride, with a silicone rubber seal.

It takes no more than 1 minute to connect or disconnect a segment. Each segment accommodates up to three ion-exchange cartridges. Each ion-exchange cartridge consists of a knitted sleeve made of fibers, into which OZOLA is poured.

The ion-exchange cartridges are single-use. The knitted sleeves made of polymer fibers are mass-produced, and their cost does not exceed 5 USD each.

The columns and necessary piping are assembled and mounted on a special stand, which includes pumps, mechanical self-cleaning filters, and measurement and control instruments.

The cost of one modular purification system, designed for a capacity of 1 cubic meter per hour, which includes three columns (each with three segments), a pump, a cascade of two mechanical filters at the inlet, and a cascade of two automatic mechanical filters at the outlet, is 35,000 USD.

The cost of OZOLA for one ion-exchange cartridge is 50 USD.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A SYMMETRICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODE CELL IN WATER TREATMENT IN HOSPITALS

The liquid, and in the case of hospitals, water, under the influence of gravitational forces, enters the inlet of the device housing for water treatment according to the principle of communicating vessels. The flow of liquid or water, in a laminar regime, penetrates inside the electrode volume through a permeable contact.

The electrode and its entire internal volume are under the influence of a positive electrical potential due to the connection of the contact and the electrode to a positive electrical potential source. Depending on the water flow rate or the device’s performance, the power of the power supply can vary.

For a device with a flow rate of 5 gallons per hour, the power supply can be 3 kilowatts, with three possible combinations of current and voltage:

• Current: 50 amperes, Voltage: 60 volts
• Current: 30 amperes, Voltage: 100 volts
• Current: 100 amperes, Voltage: 30 volts

For a device with a flow rate of 150 gallons per hour, the power supply may be 10 kilowatts, achieved by forming an integrated power supply from at least 3 modules, each with 3 kilowatts, with combinations of current and voltage similar to those for the 5-gallon-per-hour device.

Under the influence of gravitational forces, the liquid or water rises through the electrode volume and, spreading across it, seeps through the membrane and contact into the internal volume of the second electrode, which is connected to the negative electrical potential source. The distance between the electrodes is determined only by the thickness of the membrane, and since this distance is a maximum of 0.8 mm, the efficiency of the electrode pair, the entire volume of which has an active electrochemical function, is very high.

From the moment the liquid or water enters the volume of the electrode connected to the negative electrical potential source, an active, rapid electrochemical processing of the materials contained in the liquid begins inside the electrode cell.

After passing through the cathode volume, the liquid exits the device housing through the outlet window.

Since significant areas of active working surface are involved in the electrochemical process, thanks to the three-dimensional structure of the electrodes, it is possible, in combination with an increase in current density, to achieve a significant enhancement in the effect of changing the properties of the materials contained in the water on the surface of carbon fibers that make up the volume of the electrodes.

 List of references, patent and license information

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING PURIFIED WATER

Abstract

A water purification apparatus including a first water purification station for a first internal purified water stream. A valve selects either a first dispense purified water stream or a first continuing water stream or both. An internal reservoir receives the first continuing water stream to hold a volume of second purified water, and provides a second internal purified water stream. A second valve able dispenses the second dispense purified water stream. A second water purification station receives the second internal purified water and provides a third internal purified water stream. A third valve selects from the third internal purified water stream either a third dispense purified water stream, or a third continuing water stream, or both. A recirculation loop returns the third continuing water stream into the internal reservoir. A pump pumps the second internal purified water stream from the internal reservoir around the recirculation loop.

ULTRA-HIGH ALKALINE ELECTROLYZED WATER GENERATION SYSTEM

Abstract

An ultra-high alkaline electrolyzed water generation system with a pH 12.5-13.5 pH is provided. The ultra-high alkaline electrolyzed water generation system includes an electrolytic cell, a first tank, a second tank, a water tank, and a plurality of flowlines. The ultra-high alkaline electrolyzed water generation system is cost-effective. The ultra-high alkaline electrolyzed water generation system enables production of ultra-high alkaline electrolyzed water at faster rate for commercial and industrial applications with a large shelf life and can be stored in containers for later use. The invention also provides an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell includes a cathode chamber, an anode chamber, and a cation permselective membrane. The electrolytic cell enables production of the ultra-high alkaline electrolyzed water. The ultra-high alkaline electrolyzed water with a configurable pH range has the ability to sterilize, clean and disinfect without the use of harsh chemicals.

SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR CATION-ASSOCIATING FUEL CELL COMPONENTS

Abstract

Improved membrane electrode assemblies, cation-associating components thereof, and methods of making and treating the same are provided. Membrane electrode assemblies may include an ionomer having a first pKa value, and a water-insoluble net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group, wherein the weakly-acidic functional group has a second pKa value greater than the first pKa value.

INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM

Abstract

An exemplary power system utilizes turbines configured within a water intake conduit to the desalination processor to produce power for the desalination processor. Water intakes are configured to provide a natural flow of water to the desalination processor though hydrostatic pressure. One or more turbines coupled with the water intake conduits are driven and produce power for the system. The desalination processor incorporates Graphene filters to and may include a structured water system to increase the H3O2 concentration of the water prior to Graphene filters. Discharge water may be pumped back into the body of water but be separated from the intakes. A secondary power source, such as a renewable power source, may be used to produce supplemental power for the system. Power produced may be provided to a secondary outlet, such as a power grid, all above and/or underground.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR WATER TREATMENT AND STORAGE

Abstract

This disclosure describes systems and methods for providing water to a user for consumption. Systems of the present disclosure can include a water management system including one or more a water treatment flow path for receiving source water, disinfection unit(s), additive unit(s), sensor(s) for maintaining various water conditions. Additionally, water management, treatment and/or storage systems including controller(s) and associated methods of operating are also described for dispensing water to a user.

CATALYST, ELECTRODE, MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY, AND AIR BATTERY

Abstract

Provided is a low-cost catalyst that has excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity and is useful as a catalyst for water electrolysis, an electrode catalyst for an air battery, or the like. The catalyst includes (A) Ni atoms, (B) a condensate of thiourea and formaldehyde, and (C) porous carbon.

Water Vapor Distillation Apparatus, Method and System

Abstract

A water vapor distillation apparatus. The apparatus includes a source fluid input, an evaporator condenser whereby the source fluid input is fluidly connected to the evaporator condenser and the evaporator condenser transforms source fluid into steam and transforms compressed steam into product fluid, and a steam chest fluidly connected to the evaporator condenser, whereby the steam flows from the evaporator condenser into the steam chest, the steam chest comprising a foam mitigation device wherein the foam mitigation device mitigates foam in the water vapor distillation apparatus.

Home Utility Management System

Abstract

A utility management system and method including a water collection apparatus; a water storage apparatus in fluid communication with the water collection apparatus; a water storage quantity sensor; one or more water usage sensors; an energy generation apparatus; an energy storage apparatus coupled to the energy generation apparatus; an energy storage quantity sensor; one or more energy usage sensors; a processor with one or more channels to receive at least weather forecast data, water usage data, and energy usage data, and one or more channels to send at least a request for weather forecast data, wherein the processor is coupled to the one or more water usage sensors and energy usage sensors, and wherein the processor is programmed to use the received data to project water collection, water storage, energy generation, and energy storage and to formulate recommendations for water and energy usage; a control interface; and a data display.

PROCESS FOR CONDITIONING AND REUSING SALT-CONTAINING PROCESS WATER

Abstract

The invention relates to an integrated process for conditioning process water (1) from the production (I) of polycarbonate, which process water contains at least catalyst residues and/or organic impurities and sodium chloride, and subsequently utilizing the process water (1) in a subsequent sodium chloride electrolysis (V).

ELECTRODIALYSIS SALT SPLITTING REGENERANT GENERATION FOR WAC AND WBA RESIN COMBINED WITH SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON-SITE GENERATION PROCESS

Abstract

Disclosed is a combined generator technology for two purposes: 1) electrodialysis “salt splitting” (ESS) to convert sodium chloride salt into an acid (hydrochloric or sulfuric) and a caustic (sodium hydroxide) to be generated for use as regeneration solutions for weak acid cation, weak base anion, and strong base anion resin systems and 2) electro-generation for converting sodium chloride salt into an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite both with the intention of treating make up water and/or recirculating in a cooling tower, fluid cooler, or any evaporative cooling device; other salts will apply to the process in addition to sodium chloride (example sodium sulfate).

High performance electrocoagulation systems for removing water contaminants

Abstract

Iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) reactors for removing contaminants from water comprising an assembly of spiral-wound or folded iron-containing anode and cathode plates separated with perforated insulating spacers, or an oxidant to accelerate oxidation of Fe(II) ions released from the anode to obtain Fe(III) ions, and/or to oxidize the contaminant.

ELECTRODIALYZER AND ELECTRODIALYSIS SYSTEM FOR CO2 CAPTURE FROM OCEAN WATER

Abstract

Disclosed are electrochemical systems that include an electrodialyzer and a vapor-fed CO.sub.2 reduction (CO.sub.2R) cell to capture and convert CO.sub.2 from ocean water. The electrodialyzer includes a stack of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) cells between end electrodes. The electrodialzyer incorporates monovalent cation exchange membranes (M-CEMs) that prevent the transfer of multivalent cations between adjacent cell compartments, allowing continuous recirculation of electrolytes and solutions, and thus providing a safer and more scaling-free electrodialysis system. In some embodiments, the electrodialyzer may be configured to replace the water-splitting reaction at end electrodes with one-electron, reversible redox couples in solution at the electrodes. As a result, in the entire electrodialyzer stack, there is no bond-making, bond-breaking reactions and there is no gas generation, which significantly simplifies the cell design and improves operational safety. The systems provide a unique technological pathway for CO.sub.2 capture and conversion from ocean water with only electrochemical processes.