Annotation: The scientific article examines and analyzes the system of punishments that exists in the countries of Europe and compares the legal characterization of punishment in the form of imprisonment in Ukraine and foreign most successful countries. Proposals have been made to improve the system of punishment of Ukraine and certain types of punishment provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukraine on the basis of the analysis of penal systems under the criminal codes of some countries of the European Union. Thus, on the example of the Swiss Criminal Code, it is possible to trace the similarity with the penal code of Ukraine, since in them all penalties are divided into basic and additional, as well as penalties that can be applied - to basic or additional. Under the current French Criminal Code, crimes are punished depending on the gravity of such an act. In general, they can be divided into two groups: misdemeanors and "violations" for which certain types of punishments are provided. According to the Italian Penal Code, the penalties are divided into basic and additional. The death penalty in Italy was abolished in lieu of life imprisonment, as was the case in Ukraine. We have come to the conclusion that the penal system in Ukraine needs to be simplified in accordance with the laws of European countries and, in addition, needs to be investigated by criminologists, regarding the measures and types of punishment that are most influential in correcting a convicted person and ensuring that he or she is prevented from committing a crime in the future.

Annotation: In the scientific article a comparative analysis of models of local self-government is made. In particular, this article analyzes the features of the Anglo-Saxon, continental and mixed model of local government and proposes to use the experience of the continental and mixed model of local government in reforming local government in Ukraine. The paper states that, in practice, full self-government is to some extent suppressed, and the Anglo-Saxon model evolves towards a model of simple decentralization characteristic of a number of continental European countries. It is recommended to use the experience of France in the use and formulation of the concept of separation of powers between public authorities and local authorities in Ukraine, first of all, the principles of subsidiarity, autonomy and responsibility, gradual process of differentiation and delegation, clarity and completeness of separation, clarity and completeness of separation resource transfer. Comparative analysis of the main world models of local self-government of the leading states of the world reveals the specifics of the system of governance, mechanism, content and number of powers assigned to them, schemes of local self-government organization, so Ukraine can benefit from such a positive experience. In our opinion, it is most appropriate to use the experience of the countries of the continental model of local self-government, especially France, as well as the mixed model, namely Japan and Germany.

Annotation: The article examines the experience of local self-government in France. The features of local self-government at each level of local government are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of functioning of local self-government bodies and mayors. The article specifies that the key feature of the organization of functioning of local self-government bodies is decentralization, which is the policy of the central government to transfer to the local self-government bodies a number of powers previously exercised by the state, and to provide financial, legal and organizational conditions for their implementation. Differences in the election of mayor in Ukraine and France are analyzed. Thus, the difference between Ukraine and France is to elect a mayor to the post, if in Ukraine this is done by direct expression of the will of the people, in France the mayor is elected from among the members of the municipal council. The disadvantage of local government in France is that central government is to some extent at the intersection of administrative structures and policies. Such shortcomings are also observed in Ukraine. In general, it is recommended to use the experience of France to further carry out decentralization reform in Ukraine.

Annotation: In the scientific article, taking into account the scientific positions expressed on this issue and its decision at the level of the domestic and foreign legislation, the content of the concepts of "abduction", "theft", "robbery" and the relationship between them are clarified. In the current criminal legislation of Ukraine, the concept of abduction is used both in defining crimes against property and in characterizing the offenses envisaged by other sections of the Special Part of the Criminal Code. This situation helps to mix different in content of the objects of criminal law protection, in particular material relations and relations, providing physical freedom of the person, identifying the latter with the thing and recognizing it, contrary to the provisions of civil law, the object of civil rights, which, on our belief is unacceptable. We have come to the conclusion that the abduction is the unlawful, gratuitous seizure of another's property, which is carried out without the will of the victim, which can be committed in an open or secret manner. The concept of "theft" is broader than the concept of "theft." They co-operate as general and special with each other. That is why these concepts should not be identified, because the concept of "theft" encompasses eight forms defined by law: theft, robbery, robbery, extortion, fraud, misappropriation, embezzlement, seizure of property through abuse, in turn, "abduction" only covers three forms of theft: theft, robbery and robbery; a socially dangerous act in "theft" consists in the seizure of another's movable thing, and in "theft" - in its seizure. That is why these concepts are not synonymous, but appear as separate categories of criminal law.

Annotation: (Українська) Досліджено теоретичні питання з необхідності існування права як окремої галузі науки.

Annotation: (Українська) У даній роботі проведено кримінально-правовий аналіз торгівлі людьми, відповідальність за яку передбачена статтею 149 Кримінального кодексу України (далі – КК України). З’ясовано поняття торгівлі людьми. Проаналізовано Конвенцію Ради Європи про заходи щодо протидії торгівлі людьми. Запропоновано вдосконалення змісту ст. 149 КК України.

Annotation: (Українська) В статті досліджено державу, як суб’єкт відповідальності в міжнародному праві, регулювання відповідальності держав на міжнародній арені та особливості відповідальності держав у міжнародному праві.

Annotation: (Українська) В даній статті описані результати досліджень при проведенні комплексної діагностики собак із захворюванням остеосаркома передньої кінцівки. Були встановлені характерні зміни, особливо в морфологічній та гематологічній структурі, при різній стадійності захворювання. Це дозволяє встановити щонайменше більш точний прогноз, а в подальшому і визначити найбільш раціональне лікування в конкретному випадку при захворюванні на остеосаркому передньої кінцівки у собак.

Annotation: (Українська) У статті досліджено питання реформування судової інституції Європейського Союзу: причини, реформування, пропозиції щодо вдосконалення судової системи ЄС, рішення та процес зміни.

Annotation: The scientific article is devoted to analysis of problematic issues that arise in the field of application the practice of the European Court of Human Rights by national courts. Based on the analysis of Ukrainian judicial practice, in the article are provided the most common negative factors that make impossible effective, timely and correct application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights by the courts of first and second instance, and ways to eliminate them.